The Active and Passive Voices. Действительный и cтрадательный залоги в английском языке
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Залог - это форма глагола, которая показывает, является ли подлежащее предложения производителем или объектом действия, выраженного сказуемым. Как уже было сказано выше, в английском языке имеется два залога: the Active Voice (действительный залог) и the Passive Voice (страдательный залог).
We only use the passive when we are interested in the object or when we do not know who caused the action.
Example: Appointments are required in such cases.
We can only form a passive sentence from an active sentence when there is an object in the active sentence.
Форма
to be + past participle
How to form a passive sentence when an active sentence is given:
- object of the "active" sentence becomes subject in the "passive" sentence
- subject of the "active" sentence becomes "object" in the "passive" sentence" (or is left out)
Active: Peter builds a house.
↓
Passive: A house is built by Peter.
Примеры
| Active: | Peter | builds | a house. | Simple Present |
| Passive: | A house | is built | by Peter. |
| Active: | Peter | built | a house. | Simple Past |
| Passive: | A house | was built | by Peter. |
| Active: | Peter | has built | a house. | Present Perfect |
| Passive: | A house | has been built | by Peter. |
| Active: | Peter | will build | a house. | will-future |
| Passive: | A house | will be built | by Peter. |
| Active: | Peter | can build | a house. | Modals |
| Passive: | A house | can be built | by Peter. |
Сводная таблица:
| tense | active | passive |
|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Peter builds a house. | A house is built by Peter. |
| Present Continuous | Peter is building a house. | A house is being built by Peter. |
| Present Perfect | Peter has built a house | A house has been built by Peter. |
| Present Perfect Continuous | Peter has been building a house. | ---------------- |
| Simple Past | Peter built a house. | A house was built by Peter. |
| Past Continuous | Peter was building a house. | A house was being built by Peter. |
| Past Perfect | Peter had built a house. | A house had been built by Peter. |
| Past Perfect Continuous | Peter had been building a house. | ---------------- |
| will-future | Peter will build a house. | A house will be built by Peter. |
| Future Continuous | Peter will be building a house. | ---------------- |
| Future Perfect | Peter will have built a house. | A house will have been built by Peter. |
| going to-future | Peter is going to build a house in summer. | A house is going to be built in summer by Peter. |
Примечание:
Обратите внимание на позицию предлога!
| Active sentence | Passive sentence |
|---|---|
| Someone broke into the pet shop. | The pet shop was broken into. |
Не все предложения можно переделать из the Active Voice в the Passive Voice:
They traveled to Lisbon last summer.
I have a shower every morning.
